Ukraine

__**Free Speech acts:**__

Basically the act that affected the freedom of speech was the fourth one which stated it was a crime to publish false, scandalous, and malicious writing against the government or officials. This limited the freedoms of the average man to say if he didn’t like the government or not.
 * Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) Brandon Loza**

This act prohibited attempts to interfere with military operations or to promote and support the enemy. This blocks the attempts to support who people wanted to win or they would suffer consequences.
 * Espionage Act (1917) Brandon Loza**

The Smith Act was made to stop the intent of overthrowing the government with the press or speech. This limits the freedoms of the press as they can’t write whatever they want about the government or they can be misconstrued to be traitors to the government.
 * Smith Act (1940) Brandon Loza**

Court cases For each of the following Court cases do the following:


 * Briefly summarize the facts of the case
 * Explain the courts decision
 * identify the impact it had on freedom of speech; especially identify any "speech" that it limited

Schenck v. United States was a court case where Schenck sent 15,000 leaflets to men eligible to the draft saying to not join it. This was a direct violation of the Espionage Act and he was taken to the Supreme Court. The ending was that the defendant did not have a first amendment right to talk back about the draft. This halts the progress the first amendment has on the United States.
 * Schenck v United States (1919) Brandon Loza**

Benjamin Gitlow was charged with advocating the violent overthrow of the government by spreading Communist pamphlets. The New York government charged him with this and was not given free speech charges even though the 14th amendment constituted that the states shouldn’t give laws hindering free speech. At the times this might have been alright, but it shouldn’t have constituted as a free speech inhinderment.
 * Gitlow v New York (1925) Brandon Loza**

Brandenburg v. Ohio was a case where a Ku Klux Klan leader in Ohio and was charged for promoting violence against blacks and Jews. The Supreme Court overruled the case because it was indirectly promoting violence. If it were to directly promote violence, it would be a crime.
 * Brandenburg v Ohio (1969) Brandon Loza**

A school newspaper was censored because it contained stories of teenage pregnancy and divorce. The district said it was allowed to censor to an extent what could be on the paper. The Supreme Court came in and held that the district was right in censoring the newspaper since it didn’t break the first amendment. In my opinion, this really does break the first amendment but the district having rule over what can be called right or wrong doesn’t make it right at all.
 * Hazelwood School District v Kuhlmeier (1988) Brandon Loza**

A teenager and his friends burned a cross made of crudely made chairs on a lawn of an African-American family. The teenager stated how the law established disregards the first amendment and the court allowed it. The supreme court wasn’t feeling it and reversed the call removing the free speech petition. Although this case and many others are horrible in their actions, their right to free speech should be allowed to happen.
 * R.A.V. v St. Paul (1992) Brandon Loza**

Libel vs. Slander: **Kevin Stammerjohn**

Libel and Slander are essentially the same thing, being a purposeful, malicious, attack on a persons reputation. Essentially, defamation, as the two crimes are collectively called, is the act of lying about someone to harm their reputation. This includes starting malicious rumors and publishing false reports against a person or business. Libel is the act of committing defamation through a written means or published means. An example of this is publishing an article in a newspaper that falsely accuses a police officer of raping and murdering a girl and then framing someone else for it. Slander on the other hand is the same thing but in a verbal or spoken sense. An example of this would be a speaker at a rally who falsely accuses the governator of making deals with drug dealers.

Home of Team Ukraine (Kimmie; Kevin; Brandon; Kayla)

HAIL THE GLORIOUS NATION OF UKRAINE!
 * Слава великої нацією УКРАЇНИ!!!! **

** PROFILE OF __Ukraine__ ** GEOGRAPHY


 * //Area://** The Area is 603,700 square kilometers

- Kiev – Capital - Kharkiv - Odesa - Lviv - Dnepropetrovsk
 * //Cities://**


 * //Terrain://** Mostly fertile plains and plateaus, mountains only found in the west and in the Crimean Peninsula in the extreme south.

- Moderate - Winter is mild with regular snowfall, average temperature in the winter various from -20 centigrade in the north and -3 to the south - Summers are hot and dry but have occasional showers and thunderstorms.
 * //Climate//**:

PEOPLE


 * //Population (date of census being used)://** 46.2 million

- Ukrainian 77.8% - Russian 17.3%
 * //Ethnic Groups://**

- Ukrainian is official language - Russian is still spoken in the east and south - Small number of Hungarian, Romanian - Polish speakers 250,000 Crimeantiran speakers.
 * //Language(s)://**

- 10-12 million Ukrainian, Orthodox (Moscow) Patriarchate - Ukrainian Orthodox (Kyiv Patriarchate 2-3 million - Ukrainian Greek Catholic (uniate) 850,000  - Ukrainian autocephalous orthodox 800,000  - Jewish 70,000  - Muslim
 * //Religion(s)://**


 * //Education://** Nationally Recognized University System.

- Life expectancy at birth m/f (years): 61/73 - Healthy life expectancy at birth m/f (years, 2003): 55/64 - Probability of dying under five (per 1 000 live births): 24 - Probability of dying between 15 and 60 years m/f (per 1 000 population): 384/142 - Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2006): 542 - Total expenditure on health as % of GDP (2006): 7.0
 * //Health://**


 * //Work Force (occupations)://** Agricultural center that produced a lot of food as well as an industrial center that created that created the hype or manufacturing.

FEATURES OF GOVERNMENT


 * // T ype://** Parliamentary


 * //Constitution://** Parliamentary – Presidential republic

- Cabinet of ministers (25 people) - Appointed by the parliament - Also a president (commander and chief of the army)
 * //Executive Power://**

- Parliament 450 people (only legislature) - Appoint the executive branch (Confirm Cabin of ministries)
 * //Legislative Power://**

- Two main Judicial bodies - Supreme court – highest court and derive power from constitution - Constitution court – interprets if laws are constitutional or not.
 * //Judicial Power://**

STRENTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE GOVERNMENT - They do not have any supply for fuel of nuclear plants or natural gas in their country, which makes them limited. - Problems with corruptions among government officials.
 * //Citizen Participation://**

SIGNIFICANT POLITICAL HISTORY NOTES - Member of the USSR - December 30, 1922 joined the republics of the soviet reunion. - 1945 cofounders of the United Nations. - Became independent after the Soviet Union died. - In 1413 a decision was made to allow only Catholics to occupy important government positions

= WHITE PAPER (Final Report) =

__**I. First part should be a review of the basic function of a constitution in a democracy, including the essential characteristics of limited vs. unlimited governments**__ **(Loza)**

A constitution is basically the outlining of the rules for the government set by a group of people and is generally accepted by the people. The rules for the government are set so that way the government doesn’t have unlimited power to do what they want without the people’s say. In a democracy, the basis of a constitution establishes the rules needed for the judicial branch, more importantly the basis of judicial review to see if a law is in guidelines of the constitution or not.

__** II. Final recommendation for Xlandia's government with at least the following addressed: **__

The type of system our constitution would establish is a Presidential Democracy. With presidential democracy the people still have the privilege to have some source of power. (For example voting) However, the power is limited and controlled because we feel it is not wise to give too much power to individuals so that we can avoid the powers getting out of hand and lead to the downfall of our government. Having the right to vote and free speech (etc) is the right amount of power in our opinion and all having it go through the approval of one person, which is the president, seems more organized. When there is a conflict and result to voting the president is the main source to make these decisions based on the voting and collaboration so it seems better than other systems because there less of a chance that power will be abused and taken to extremes.
 * A. What type of system would your constitution establish? What is your reasoning (include what makes this better than the other options)?**

Minorities and individuals are always welcome in our society. As long as the paper work is done to assure that the minority will be residing with us so that they can gain access to everything then there is no issue. We however will not over do the lookouts for illegal immigrant such as that in Arizona but paper work is definitely required and once legalized they are to be treated as a citizen therefore having the same amount of rights as we do via voting and freedom of speech.
 * B. How would you protect the rights of minorities and individuals?**

The civilian leadership should govern the military. The leadership should be the dominant part of their relationship, as the leadership will make laws and what not. The military will still have some power but should be under the leadership’s wing. The military isn’t totally without power. The military will have the power to call for impeachment if necessary.
 * C. What would be the relationship between the military and the civilian leadership? (Loza)**

The executive branch will follow a presidential system of government as opposed to the parliamentary way of electing a leader. We feel as though the people should have a direct say in who should lead the country instead of a parliament. This way the people are happy to actually have a voice in politics.
 * D. The Executive Branch (Loza)**

Our recommendation for Xlandia’s new democracy is that they create a republic-styled bicameral legislative body. This large body of legislature would be beneficial for a number of reasons. For one, it separates the power of the legislature between a large number of representatives, lowering the power of each individual representative while simultaneously increasing the overall legitimacy of the branch. With the Xlandian people coming directly out of a dictatorship, they will be very wary of any sort of government, especially a centralized one. The large number of people that will be in the government will act as a selling point to the people, assuring them that they have representation. Another advantage of the bicameral system is the overall better application of laws. Statistically, Bicameral systems create fewer laws that are better enforced and more accepted by the people than unicameral systems. The large spread of power and higher approval rate of the bicameral system make it ideal for Xlandia.
 * E. The Legislative Branch**

In the previous government of Xlandia, there was no constitution or any sort of limit on the Government, so having a solid constitution will be very attractive to the Xlandian people. However, if the Judicial Branch is weak and not effective on their use of judicial review, then it could permanently mar the reputation of the government, possibly leading to its downfall. Therefore, the Judiciary should be a strong Supreme Court, having the power to set precedence as well as review the actions of the other branches, including the military. This ability to review the military separate of the executive branch should allow them to keep the military honest; which is necessary if the military is to keep its reputation with the people.
 * F. The Judicial Branch**

Considering the past situation of Xlandia, full citizen participation is crucial if the government is to be accepted. All people should have full rights to vote, as long as they are over the age 17. Additionally, while sex and race will not effect ones right to vote, criminal history will. Anyone convicted of serious or violent crime will not be allowed to vote. To register to vote, a person must have at least a high school education, as government and political courses will be required in the curriculum. This should ensure that voters are informed and enthusiastic about their right to vote.
 * G. Citizen Participation**

__** III. What is needed to keep a democracy strong? Which ones are present in Xlandia? Which ones are not? **__
 * A. What advice would you give the leaders of Xlandia to help them develop these conditions as they move from an authoritarian past to a democratic future? **

In order to maintain a strong democracy, countries must have a **strong middle class, a strong education system, citizens’ understanding of democracy, a political consensus, a growing economy, support from other nations, a free press, and a professional military.** With a strong middle class, the country will receive a stable flow of money through taxes. A strong and classless education system would help democracy, as it would educate children and people of all classes, which would limit the possibility of one class gaining too much power over the country. An understanding of democratic principles of the citizens would allow citizens to form their own educated opinions when voting for representatives, laws, and other aspects regarding the government. A political consensus is necessary so that the people approve of their government. A strong democracy also requires support from other nations through being allies or trading partners. Supporting countries could help through loans, trading preferences, education and health services, etc… A free press would also help create a strong democracy, as the people of a country would be able to hear about decisions and events going on with their government. A free press would also help in the prevention of government corruption, as more information would be given to the public. A professional military would be used to protect its people rather than to repress its own citizens  Of these eight conditions necessary in having a strong democracy, Xlanda has few. One condition Xlandia has is a strong educational system. Although the compulsory age to attend school is 16, the percentage of literacy in Xlandia is 75%. Xlandia has support from other nations. The country lacks the support of other nations. The country’s neighboring nations have kept to themselves as most still struggle to maintain democratic governments. The military now supports a democratic system for Xlandia. They also lack free press as their country just escaped a dictatorship. In order develop these conditions to move towards a democratic future, Xlandia needs to focus on allowing a free press, gaining allies and support from their neighboring countries, developing a stronger military. Although they maintained their economy through agriculture, they need to focus on developing their economy as it ran dry due to foreign investment by their former ruling family.